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How do you turn a jumble of vector embeddings into clear, human-readable answers? In this post, we walk through the journey from raw embeddings to precise, context-aware responses—bridging the gap between data and understanding.

I had the pleasure of speaking at PGConf.dev in Montreal, where I delivered a session on Columnar Data Store—a topic that’s quietly transforming the way we handle large-scale analytics in PostgreSQL. In this post, I’ll walk you through the core ideas from my talk and explain why columnar storage isn’t just a performance boost—it’s a game changer for modern data workloads.

When working with embeddings in PostgreSQL, particularly for use cases like semantic search, recommendation systems, or retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), how you prepare and ingest data matters just as much as how you query it.

At first glance, storing and querying embeddings in PostgreSQL may seem impractical—but with the right setup, it’s both efficient and effective. This post covers how to design your schema, store vectors properly, and perform fast similarity searches without the usual headaches.

Embeddings are the foundation of vector search, allowing us to represent meaning-rich content like documents or queries as numerical vectors. But to use them effectively, it’s essential to understand what’s actually being embedded—whether that’s individual words, full sentences, or larger chunks of text.

As vector search becomes a foundational feature in modern applications—from semantic search and recommendation engines to AI-driven insights—developers are increasingly adopting PostgreSQL with the pgvector extension. However, one concept often creates confusion: the difference between similarity and distance.

For many organizations, the race to adopt AI is already underway. But too often, projects stall, not because of the models, but because the data underneath them is chaotic, inconsistent, or poorly understood.

A recent cryptomining attack on PostgreSQL servers revealed how misconfigurations and weak credentials can be exploited to deploy fileless malware, underscoring the need for proactive, layered security measures to defend against evolving threats. Nishchay Kothari explains.

It was an exciting experience to share the stage with my Fujitsu coleague Nishchay Kothari PGConf.dev 2025 to present our session on the topic of Learned Indexes in PostgreSQL. For those that could not attend, we would like to share our presentation.

In today’s cloud-native world, security isn’t just a checkbox — it’s foundational. When managing business-critical workloads like databases in Kubernetes, particularly with robust platforms such as Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres, ensuring secure access to sensitive information like credentials and TLS certificates is a must. This is where HashiCorp Vault comes into play.

Fujitsu has released Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres 17 SP1, with the aim of providing a secure and user-friendly data infrastructure for AI applications. There are a lot of exciting capabilities added, let me take your through them.

Fujitsu has participated in the PostgreSQL community for over 20 years and has contributed to PostgreSQL development by developing new features, as well as creating and reviewing correction patches. And last year we took our team contributions to a whole new level.

Fujitsu is pleased to announce the release of Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres 17 , which caters to the evolving demands of digital transformation (DX).

PostgreSQL has released a new version, with a host of updates and improvement to the world’s most advanced open-source database. In this blog post, I want to take you through the key new features implemented in PostgreSQL 17.

Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres proudly sponsored FOSSASIA Summit 2024, an enthusiastic gathering of innovators and collaborators in open source technology held in Hanoi, Vietnam, engaging 5,000+ participants from 50 countries. 

PostgreSQL, or Postgres as it is often known, is an advanced open source database with a long development history. Fujitsu has been one of the key contributors to its success.

I am constantly impressed by the talent and commitment of the Fujitsu engineers that work hard to make PostgreSQL the best database in the market. So, I thought that more people should know these passionate professionals, and what a day in their life is like.

Hey there, Database Administrators! After our dive into the 'Protect' pillar, it's time to shift gears to another crucial aspect of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework – the 'Detect' pillar. This is where our skills and vigilance come into play to identify potential cybersecurity events. Think of yourself as a digital detective in the vast landscape of data.

Hello, database dynamos! As we continue our look into Database Administrator security tasks and how they relate to the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, let’s follow on from risk management and talk about Governance and Data Security.

Hello, dedicated database gurus! As Database Administrators (DBAs), navigating the complex landscape of cybersecurity is crucial. The first pillar of the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework – Identify – provides a robust foundation for understanding and managing cybersecurity risks to systems, people, assets, data, and capabilities.

Fujitsu has partnered with SafeLogic to equip Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres with a FIPS-compliant crypto library that protects your data at rest and data in flight through robust cryptographic algorithms.

Hey there, DBA squad! Following our general introduction to encryption in database security, let’s dive deeper into the world of encryption types.

Hello, database heroes! In this article, I will decrypt the world of encryption in database security, and emphasize that encryption isn’t just about turning data into an indecipherable format – it’s a multifaceted shield safeguarding data at various levels, from resting quietly in your database to zipping through networks.

Here's a toast to PostgreSQL for clinching DB-Engines’ DBMS of the Year title for the fourth time!

Hello, database warriors! In this article, we're deepening our exploration into Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres and PostgreSQL security by focusing on access control. Remember, this involves two key elements: authentication, the process verifying identities, and authorization, the system determining access levels.

Hey there, database gurus! In our journey through the world of database security, today we're taking a focused dive into one example from the CIS Benchmark for PostgreSQL 16 – Section 4.4 on revoking excessive Data Manipulation Language (DML) privileges.

Hey database dynamos! After diving into the critical security roles in our last chat, let's switch gears and talk about something that can really set the stage for solid database security - security benchmarks.

Hey there, database defenders! As we embark on this detailed exploration into the world of database security, it's crucial to understand the various security roles within an organization, and that is what this blog post is about.

As you may be aware, Fujitsu Limited works with the Google Cloud to provide infrastructure and services that support customers' digital innovation, with partnerships such as FUJITSU Hybrid IT Service for Google Cloud. And now we are pleased to announce the latest initiative to realize a secure and flexible data management and utilization infrastructure by linking Google Cloud...

Our team is further extending its commitment to database security education through a new blog series featured right here.

Fujitsu has introduced a new feature in Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres called policy-based login security. In this blog, I will delve into this new feature and how to implement it.

Earlier this year, I was in Canada for PGConf 2023, where I talked about the evolution of PostgreSQL from a Berkeley research project to its current status as the most advanced open-source database, and discussed the various changes introduced for PostgreSQL 16, particularly regarding logical replication.

In this blog post, I will give a brief introduction to a new PostgreSQL 16 feature that allows bi-directional replication by filtering by origin.

As a PostgreSQL DBA, we commonly hear and use the term "dead rows" and "bloat." In this blog post, I'd like to talk about these concepts as well as "transaction wraparound," one of the most dangerous situations in PostgreSQL. I'll also outline how to handle this problem with an example.

In this blog, Nishchay Kothari from Fujitsu's Center of Excellence team guides you to leverage PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) authentication in your Postgres system.

Active Directory using LDAP is one of the most common technologies that organizations use to secure and manage connections and authentication in enterprise systems. Nishchay, a member of Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres Center of Excellence team, walks you through the steps to configure Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres with Active Directory.

The latest PostgreSQL 15 release brings significant improvements to logical replication, which fortifies CREATE/ ALTER PUBLICATION capabilities, and benefits by enhancing security, improving ease of use, and reducing network traffic.

PostgreSQL 15 introduced a crucial change regarding permission checks in logical replication, to avoid a potential security violation. Let me show you how this improvement works.

The latest version of the popular open-source database management system, PostgreSQL 15, has made significant changes to its statistics collector. The new changes aim to improve its accuracy and efficiency, making it easier for database administrators to monitor and optimize their PostgreSQL databases.

In this post, I would like to highlight the OSS enhancements to pg_basebackup inherited by Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres 15 that enrich the native backup utility and how the new --target and --compress options can be leveraged for database administration and operations.

Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres was a proud sponsor of PG Conf India this past month, where over 400 attendees, representing 60 cities, across 10 countries travelled to Bangalore in India. Over three days, guests engaged in training workshops, Lightning Talks, and presentations encapsulating the latest contributions, knowledge sharing, updates, and hot topics in the wider open-source PostgreSQL...

Earlier this week, we announced the launch of Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres 15, with enhanced capabilities to manage enterprise data across multiple environments with security, agility, and flexibility. In this post, I will highlight some of the new features available in this release, with examples comparing it with the previous release.

Fujitsu continues to keep in step with the needs of enterprise-level environments with the proud launch of Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres 15. The highly anticipated release boasts additional features developed with the end user in mind, ensuring clients are provided with a hybrid multi-cloud solution that meets their business critical requirements head on.

A new feature introduced in PostgreSQL 15 allows tuning the name of the application used by postgres_fdw. In this post, I will talk about the background of this feature and how you can use it to better identify which application executed each SQL statement on a foreign server.

Last month, I was proud to talk about the internals of logical replication to a room full of PostgreSQL enthusiasts at PGConf India 2023. In case you missed it, let's go through it together.

PostgreSQL 15 builds upon the enhancements of earlier versions and takes them to the next level, with several improvements to logical replication, increased sorting  performance, and the introduction of the MERGE command. I would like to talk about these features as well as what is under discussion for PostgreSQL 16.

PostgreSQL 15 doesn’t disappoint. Upon arrival of the new release, the long-awaited MERGE feature will be delivered. It may not have been with the speed of light, but right on time like a door dash delivery.

New features introduced in PostgreSQL 15 allow selective publication of tables' contents within logical replication publications, through the ability to specify column lists and row filter conditions. Let's see how they affect performance.

After a long season of no in-person events due the pandemic, I can say with certainty that attending the Open Source Summit event in Dublin along with my fellow Fujitsu representatives was not only thoroughly enjoyable, but also a great opportunity to catch up with the community. Here are my thoughts.

PostgreSQL 15 introduces a new feature that allows specifying column lists in publications, to restrict the amount of data replicated. Let's see what are the advantages of this feature and how to use it.

Together, Fujitsu and IBM are helping clients build a modern environment that is designed to improve business agility and reduce overall costs by leveraging the next generation of IBM LinuxONE’s highly secured and sustainable platform. Read more here.

Fujitsu has worked with PostgreSQL community to make some improvements to the communication of logical replication in PostgreSQL 15. Let me show you some details. 

The planet has been warming at a steady pace and it's projected to keep doing so. While technology has played a part in this situation, it can become part of the solution.

Fujitsu has worked with the PostgreSQL community to add a new feature that filters rows for logical replication. This allows users to create customized logical replication solutions that replicate row data only when it matches a specified filter expression.

In this blog post I conclude my discussion on the new mechanisms available in PostgreSQL to handle logical replication conflicts by explaining how to use the ALTER SUBSCRIPTION SKIP command.

Logical replication is widely used as an easy and flexible way to replicate data. And now PostgreSQL makes it even easier by providing some mechanisms to handle replication conflicts. Let me show you how.

The concept of data portability is relevant not only as part of the regulatory framework governing customer data privacy - it is also important for organizations moving data across applications and hybrid cloud. Let me show you how.

We are pleased to announce that Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres is now available on IBM Power^®, the platform that makes it easier to adopt the hybrid cloud and modernize your applications.

The upcoming PostgreSQL 15 introduces a new feature added by the Fujitsu OSS team in collaboration with the PostgreSQL open source community that allows supporting of two-phase commits in logical replication using publications/subscriptions. Let's take a look at how to use it.

In this post I would like to discuss the new feature added to the upcoming PostgreSQL 15 by the Fujitsu OSS team in collaboration with the PostgreSQL open source community, to enable logical replication of tables in a schema.

In this blog post I will explain the new system view pg_stat_replication_slots introduced in PostgreSQL, and how you can use it to obtain information on logical replication in your system.

I would like to talk about the key features in PostgreSQL 14, and what is being discussed in the community for PostgreSQL 15 and beyond.

The new column compression option LZ4 introduced in PostgreSQL 14 provides faster compression. How can I use it, and how much faster is it? 

The Fujitsu OSS team, in collaboration with other OSS community members, has been contributing code to enhance Logical Replication for PostgreSQL.

Several factors have traditionally been prohibitive for the rapid adoption of a hybrid cloud strategy in the Financial Services Industry. That should no longer be the case, and I want to explain why.

Agility is a key element for success. This is why I am excited to introduce the newest option for your next agile data platform, featuring Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres with SUSE Linux Enterprise on IBM Z / LinuxONE systems.

The Fujitsu OSS team in collaboration with the PostgreSQL open source community has added support in PostgreSQL 14 to enable decoding of two-phase commits in logical replication. Let's take a look at what it can do.

The usability of the libpq feature to trace application's server/client communications has been enhanced in PostgreSQL 14, with an improved format and an option to control output.

Fujitsu announces that Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres for Kubernetes is now available through Red Hat Marketplace.

Almost every financial services institution claims to have implemented DevOps in some way, shape or form - but only a few seem to have achieved a true DevOps model.

In this post, I will discuss the enhancements that will be added to the database connection setting target_session_attrs in PostgreSQL 14, explain the history behind this feature, how it can be used, and the various benefits it provides.

Currently, the global PostgreSQL development team, led by Amit Kapila, continues to contribute to the community as part of Fujitsu's work on PostgreSQL.

Currently, the global PostgreSQL development team, led by Amit Kapila, continues to contribute to the community as part of Fujitsu's work on PostgreSQL.

Our global PostgreSQL Development Team, now headed by Amit Kapila, is making continuous contributions in the community, as part of Fujitsu's commitment to PostgreSQL. 

PostgreSQL users are no longer limited to a single type of access to tables, thanks to table access methods. But what is this feature and how can you benefit from it?

In my previous post, I discussed the new features in PostgreSQL 13 and what's in the pipeline for PostgreSQL 14. Today I would like to set my sights further, and discuss longer-term development.

PostgreSQL has recently released version 13, with new features and enhancements. Let me share my views on this release, and what is to come next.

Fujitsu is excited to welcome PostgreSQL Committer and Major Contributor Amit Kapila, now leading our PostgreSQL team as Senior Director at Fujitsu Limited since August 2020.

Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres on IBM LinuxONE delivers maximum data security for your organization, and CryptoCards are big part of the reason why. But what are CryptoCards, and how do I protect my organization's data with them?

Fastest. Most secure. Most reliable.

We are happy to announce that we are releasing PostgreSQL Insider - a new section on our site with a series of technical articles and how-to's on Postgres.

We are pleased to announce Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres on IBM LinuxONE

The value of data has increased exponentially in the last few years, to the point that it is now called the oil of the new industry. But so has the risk of data breaches.

This year PGDay Down Under (PGDU) will happen in Sydney, gathering leading experts and enthusiasts, and also people curious about PostgreSQL.

See how Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres can run C and COBOL legacy systems so you can have your data and a more agile system too.

A few weeks back, I discussed how Transparent Data Encryption safeguards your data even in case an attacker gets hold of your files. So this week I would like to talk about how PostgreSQL maps database objects into actual files. Let's dive in. 

The pace of new digital technology is quickly changing the way authorities collect and use data. How might this change society in the near future?

Information Technology security is getting more complex each time I visit the subject. This just makes it harder for Security Specialists, whose role is to ensure that all potential threats are mitigated across the myriad of hardware, firmware, and software that make up a modern Enterprise Infrastructure. 

The PostgreSQL community gathered again in Ottawa for PGCon 2019 to discuss all things PostgreSQL, and I had the opportunity to talk about our work with pluggable table access methods.

Servers these days are pretty reliable and can go long periods of time between restarts — but when a restart of several machines does occur, we don't want to find out that services haven't started up by hearing it from our customers.

Customers are increasingly aware that their data is highly valued by organisations. Progressive IT teams are taking action to respond.

Ensure your data load process makes the best use of available resources without the need to pre-configure and tune your environment. Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres can help.

With dedicated audit logging you can have an open source database strategy and still deliver compliance. 

As the risk of data breaches continues to grow, it is important to re-evaluate how to better secure customer data.

In today’s IT world, the need for both the flexibility of Cloud and DevOps is in stark contrast with the increasing need for data security and consumer data protection.

The Open Banking conference, sponsored by Fujitsu, aims to help financial sector executives ready their organisations for the new open banking era starting July 2020.

Open banking is already a reality in many countries, bringing innovation for customers and opportunities for banks and financial institutions.

Micro-services bring with them a range of benefits for your organisation - make sure that you take full advantage by choosing the right type of data persistence.

Your business’ ability to unlock ideas and use them to create opportunities is perhaps the most vital factor for staying relevant in our fast-changing digital economy.

See how the Mirroring Controller in Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres works to ensure business continuity when an abnormality is detected.

Open source database technology can help a DevOps approach deliver apps and software faster than ever before. Here's why.

PGDay Down Under (PGDU) is on in Melbourne for data professionals and enthusiasts whether experienced in PostgreSQL or considering it for future applications.

PostgreSQL could change the database market just as Linux did operating systems. 

Increasingly, in-house and enterprise-packaged applications are being built with PostgreSQL.

PGCon 'unconferences' are now a critical part of the PostgreSQL development process. Here's why. 

Database management systems often fall short when it comes to delivering high performance across both business transactions and analytical queries. Fujitsu has a solution. 

Consider Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres when you're required to deliver both new solutions and services plus operational efficiencies. Here's why. 

Here are six specific things you can do to save faith with your customers should your organisation incur a data breach. 

Get 10 tips for data administrators and risk managers to ensure they are ready for the new Notifiable Data Breaches (NDB) scheme in Australia.

Here are three ways your data can become vulnerable to attack, and what you could do about it.

PGConf APAC in Singapore brought the PostgreSQL community together. Here are the tips I presented to tune PostgreSQL for better data protection. 

Attend PGConf APAC 2018 and hear my outline of the PostgreSQL features that can help you comply with new data breach laws.

There has been a significant change in Australian privacy laws that every enterprise and executive needs to be aware of.

Fujitsu is proud to be a Platinum Partner of PGConf APAC in Singapore, 22-23 March 2018. Register now. 

New data breach laws in Australia and Europe are making Data Masking critical for organisations that retain personal data, such as those in government, health and financial sectors.

There is always a bit of mystery around the different memory components of a PostgreSQL instance.

Spectre and Meltdown are unlikely to exploit the operating system through PostgreSQL. However, the hardware patch can slow down performance. 

Data migration can be a lot more complicated than you expect. Here's why, and what to do about it. 

There are many aspects to the ongoing performance of PostgreSQL that your internal Dev team may not know.

PostgreSQL achieves significant gain in popularity to win Database Management System of the Year for 2017, according to DB-Engines.

Digital transformation demands the type of database migrations that have become increasingly more complex. You need to minimise the risk. 

Your organisation’s ability to create a new idea and develop it into a business opportunity is the key driver of success in today’s digital economy. 

PGDay Australia successfully ignited the PostgreSQL community across our region, and saw the launch of PostgreSQL Down Under Inc.

Open source is perhaps the best way to develop software.

Here's why converging open source database platforms with commercial software can create an optimum world.

Fujitsu Australia Software Technology supports Camp Quality and Australian Golf. 

Here's how to resolve the problem of the pg_wal location (once known as pg_xlog) running out of disk space.

I've recently come to appreciate the advantages of centralising authentication and authorisation when it comes to databases.

Join me at PGDay Australia 2017 to see how easy it is to contribute to the PostgreSQL community.

Need is the mother of all inventions. This is also true for PostgreSQL 10 Logical Replication.

By using a BRIN index instead of a BTREE index for certain queries, I can get huge index size savings with very similar performance.

Congratulations to the PostgreSQL Global Development Group for the significant release of PostgreSQL 10.

Fujitsu Australia Software Technology is a platinum sponsor and co-organizer of PGDay Australia. 

Reduced operating costs, impressive scalability and the inherent transparency of open source software are just the beginning.

I was recently asked where PostgreSQL actually stores data on disk. So it's time to share this...

Knowing the difference between Developer skills and Support skills is crucial when faced with mission-critical situations.

Fujitsu World Tour 2017 arrived in Auckland and Melbourne with PostgreSQL-based solutions on show.

Some of the world’s finest PostgreSQL minds recently met in Canada for PGCon 2017. Fujitsu’s Haribabu Kommi provides a look inside this event.

Haribabu Kommi, Senior Software Development Engineer at FAST, shares his insights into the PostgreSQL community and what he hopes to achieve at PGCon 2017.

Couldn’t make it to Singapore for this exciting PostgreSQL event? Fujitsu’s Gary Evans shares his experience as guest lecturer.

When your key developer is too busy solving database queries to do any developing, it’s time to take a closer look at the real cost of running PostgreSQL support internally.

This year’s pgDay Asia conference is in Singapore on March 17-18, 2017, and Fujitsu is proud to be a Platinum sponsor.

Tired of constantly running checks on your PostgreSQL activity as it happens? Save time and energy with \watch.

Bring the strength of Elasticsearch to your next PostgreSQL project – it’s surprisingly easy.

Extensions are a great way to broaden the functionality of PostgreSQL. One of the most popular is PostGIS.

Protecting clients' data has long been an immediate concern of mine as it probably is for you. Which is why I'm excited by Data Masking.

Keeping a step ahead of data thieves is an ongoing battle. Thankfully we have an impressive weapon on our side – encrypted tablespaces.

Your PostgreSQL database is almost certainly reliable and doing the job well. However, there’s always room for improved performance. Here are five great places to start.

According to IDC, less than 5% of the $27 billion spent on security products directly addresses the issue of data centre security.